1970 The Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-616, The Hughes Act) is passed and establishes the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism NIAAA.
Referred to as the “Hughes Act” for the pivotal role played by Senator Harold E. Hughes (IA) in its passage, this law recognized alcohol abuse and alcoholism as major public health problems and created the NIAAA to combat them. The road to passage and signing of this legislation was not easy. In the end, it required the courage of a number of recovered alcoholics “going public.” National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. About NIAAA. The History of NIAAA
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1970 The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (Uniform Controlled Substances Act).
Congress found that the illegal importation, manufacture, distribution, and possession and improper sale of controlled substances have a substantial and detrimental effect on the health and general welfare of the American people…Almost every state has enacted the Uniform Controlled Substance Act, intended to provide a foundation for a coordinated, federal-state system of drug control. Effective Drug Control: Toward a New Legal Framework: State-Level Regulation as a Workable Alternative to the “War on Drugs.” Seattle: King County Bar Association Drug Policy Project, 2005; pg. 83-84.
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1970 Washington State Department of Social and Health Services created to unify social services.
On July 1, 1970 five major units of Washington State Government – the Department of Health, Department of Institutions, Department of Public Assistance, Department of Vocational Rehabilitation and the Veterans Rehabilitation Council – became one agency, the Department of Social and Health Services. The Office of Mental Health is located within the Social Services Division. The Alcoholism Section, assigned within the Office of Mental Health, can be clearly defined. Washington State Department of Social And Health Services, Washington State Alcoholism Plan. March 1973; pg. 59.
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DSHS – A History of Human Services. Introduction.
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By legislative enactment (RCW 70.96 and RCW 43.20A) the Department of Social and Health Services, Division of Health, is directed to conduct an alcoholism program. This legislation also directs the Department to “coordinate the efforts of all affected state, county, and local agencies.” The purpose of the Alcoholism Program, as stated in RCW 70.96.010, is to: “establish a state-wide program for study, treatment, and rehabilitation of persons suffering from alcoholism and those addicted to the use of alcoholic beverages, research into the causes and prevention of alcoholism and associated health problems, and public education relating thereto, by creating a program on alcoholism within the State Department of Health. A Comprehensive Plan to Combat Alcoholism in Washington State. November, 1970; pg. 1.
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1970 The Seattle Indian Health Board is chartered.
The Seattle Indian Health Board (SIHB) is a non-profit, multi-service community health center chartered in 1970 to serve the health care needs of AI/ANs living in the greater Seattle/King County region. Services include Chemical Dependency Services, Thunderbird Treatment Center, and outpatient CD counseling services. Seattle Indian Health Board. Celebrating 35 Years of Excellence in Health Care. About SIHB.
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1970 Drug Education for the ‘70’s Curriculum is created in November.
Drug Education for the 70’s is a curriculum developed to help educators understand the problems associated with alcohol and drug abuse and how significant the problem is in the schools. Drug Education for the ‘70’s:Grades Primary through Senior High. Olympia, WA: Washington State Superintendent of Public Instruction, c1969.
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1970 Seattle Treatment Center, WA State's first detoxification center opens in Seattle.
The Seattle Treatment Center, a 23 bed detoxification center for alcoholics and drug users, was opened early in 1970 by the City of Seattle. The majority of alcoholic patients are referred by the Seattle Police Department, but it is open to all persons in need of detoxification. A Comprehensive Plan to Combat Alcoholism in Washington State. November 1970; pg. 13.
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1970 Dr. James R. Milam self published “The Emergent Comprehensive Concept of Alcoholism.”
The basic thesis of this book was first conceptualized by the author in 1966, and first presented in a public lecture to specialists attending Seattle University Alcoholism Institute in June of 1968. The concept has been subsequently confirmed and refined in research and clinical experience with thousands of alcoholic men and women in all stages of deterioration and recovery in a wide variety of settings. Milam, James R. The Emergent Comprehensive Concept of Alcoholism. Kirkland, WA: ACA Press, 1970, Preface to Ninth Printing.
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1970 Dr. James R. Milam co-founds ALCENAS Hospital in Seattle.
In April of 1970, Doris Hutchinson and Dr. Milam co-founded ALCENAS as the model treatment program for demonstration of this new approach. ALCENAS Hospital: For Alcohol Problems. (Brochure)
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1971 Alcohol Safety Action Program in Washington State establishes PDD-Crash Program aimed at drinking drivers.
The State Department of Highways under a $1.9 million Department of Transportation contract is conducting an Alcohol Safety Action Program. One phase is PDD-Crash (for Problem Drinking Driver – Court Referred Action for Safer Highways). It was set up in January and began operation in April. The federal contract calls for the program to operate until December 1972 as a demonstration-action program. A driver in Seattle or King County who pleads guilty or is convicted of driving while intoxicated may be sentenced after a pre-sentence investigation to determine suitability to a 30-day stay at the Cedar Hills Alcohol Treatment Center for a special program for dinking drivers. Walla Walla Union Bulletin, “Drinking Driver Program Launched.” Thursday, November 25, 1971; pg. 26.
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1971 Walla Walla Drug Abuse Council is formed.
The Walla Walla Drug Abuse Council, Inc., was formed in January 1971 upon the recommendation of a 54 member study committee appointed by the Walla Walla City Council and the Walla Walla County Commissioners to study the drug abuse problem in Walla Walla city and county. The study group was appointed in December 1969 at the request of Governor Daniel J. Evans. “Walla Walla Drug Abuse Council, Inc. 1971 Report."
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1972 The National Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselors (NAADAC) is founded.
NAADAC (now known as the Association for Addiction Professionals, is the largest membership organization serving addiction counselors, educators and other addiction-focused health care professionals, who specialize in addiction prevention, treatment and education. Founded in 1972, NAADAC was created to represent the interests and concerns of substance abuse counselors. NAADAC The Association for Addiction Professionals. About NAADAC. (co-founded by Mel Schulstad)
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1972 Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC) is created.
TASC is created by the Drug Abuse and Treatment Act to screen addicts in the criminal justice system and then to link and manage their involvement in treatment services. White, William L. Slaying the Dragon: The History of Addiction Treatment and Recovery in America. Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems, 1998.
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1972 State legislature passes the Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxification Treatment Act.
In the Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxification Treatment Act, RCW 70.96A, the legislature has further declared it to be "the policy of this state that alcoholics and intoxicated persons may not be subjected to criminal prosecution solely because of their consumption of alcoholic beverages but rather should be afforded a continuum of treatment in order that they may lead normal lives as productive members of society. “
Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxification
Treatment Act. Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill No. 29. Washington State Department of Social and Health Services,
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Washington was the first state to pass a uniform alcoholism treatment law decriminalizing public intoxication, and established a continuum of treatment for alcohol addiction. DSHS – A History of Human Services. Introduction.
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It is important to realize that the state of Washington anticipated the National reform by a decade, and is now at the forefront among the fifty states. It was not by chance that Washington was the first state to pass the Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxification Treatment Act. Washington State Council on Alcoholism, “Position Statement.” July 28, 1972; pg. 5.
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1972 The Citizens Advisory Council is created to advise DSHS on alcoholism and addictions.
The statute under which the Citizens Advisory Council (CAC) on Alcoholism and Drug Addiction operates requires that it be composed of not less than seven nor more than 15 members. The Council is mandated to be broadly representative of citizens who have been recipients of treatment for alcoholism or other drug addiction and who have been in recovery from chemical dependency for a minimum of two years. At least two-thirds of the Council's members should be former recipients of treatment and not be employed in any occupation related to chemical dependency. The remaining members are to be chosen for their demonstrated concern with alcoholism and drug addiction, and drawn from the business, organized labor, judiciary, and minority communities. DSHS: Citizens Advisory Council on Alcoholism and Drug Addiction. Who We Are.
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The Citizens Advisory Council on Alcoholism and Addictions is established under RCW 70.96A.070, enacted in 1972. We are dedicated volunteer advocates who advise and recommend to the Department of Social and Health Services rules, policies, and programs that will benefit: individuals and their families with alcoholism/addictions; families and individuals in high risk environments; and the larger community. Citizens Advisory Council on Alcoholism and Drug Addiction. 2006 Annual Report.
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1972 The “Dolliver Statement” is issued by the Washington State Council on Alcoholism in opposition to removing the Alcoholism program from the Department of Health and placing it under the auspices of the Mental Health section.
This letter and position statement is in response to the requests of this information from other states facing a similar challenge. It was presented as the “Dolliver Statement” to James M. Dolliver, administrative aide to Governor Daniel J. Evans, in the fall of 1972. As part of the consolidation of several state departments and other agencies dealing with health and social problems in one “super agency”, the Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, the state’s alcoholism program was moved from what had been the department of health to what had been the community mental health section of the old department of institutions. The move was against the advice of the Governor’s Advisory Committee on Alcoholism. In 1973, an amendment was added to the Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxification Treatment Act that clarified the state’s intention to keep the alcoholism program separate from the office of mental health. Washington State Council on Alcoholism, “Cover Letter to Go With Position Paper and “Dolliver Statement.” 1973.
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1972 Center for Addiction Services is founded in Seattle.
In 1972, the Center for Addiction Services after more than a year of joint planning the Seattle King County Drug Commission, and other local government agencies, and existing drug treatment programs was funded through a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health. The grant established CAS primarily responsible for providing services and continuity of care to drug abusers in King County. The Center for Addiction Services: Seeking to Minimize Negative Effects of Drug Abuse Upon Both the Individual and the Community. (CAS Brochure 1978?)
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Therapeutic Health Services. Building Healthier Families and Healthier Communities: 2004 Annual Report.
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1972 Spokane opens a 13 bed dry-out (detox) facility.
The City of Spokane piloted an emergency medical service project by opening the 13 bed hospital affiliated dry-out facility to ensure that communities would have experience in providing detoxification services prior to the implementation of the Uniform Alcoholism Act, scheduled to go into effect in January 1975. Washington State Alcoholism Plan: March 1973. WA State Department of Social and Health Services; pg. 311.
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1972 The first program to treat court ordered drunk drivers (the pilot of deferred prosecution) begins at the Malden Center.
Legislation enacted by the 1971 Special Session and signed by Governor Evans (House Bill 314) has opened the door to a new approach to the problem, an approach to programs of treatment and rehabilitation. Courts may now make use of community treatment facilities and exert a measure of compulsion through the probation system. “MALDEN CENTERS Alcoholic Rehabilitation Centers: Alcoholism Training Workshop. “ May 20, 1972.
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1972 A Federal grant helps the King County Public Health Department create the Central Alcohol Agency, the first local state office to consolidate alcoholism treatment and services.
Public alcoholism programs in King County were initially part of the criminal justice system. The county's first major facility, the Cedar Hills Alcoholism Treatment Center in Maple Valley, opened in 1967 under the Sheriff's Office (subsequently the Department of Public Safety), and the affiliated Department of Rehabilitative Services maintained an "Alcoholic Section" in its Involuntary Treatment Division until 1974. Other alcoholism treatment services were provided by many public and private agencies. They were not coordinated in a comprehensive continuum of care, despite recommendations to that end by several citizens' committees. The Central Alcoholism Agency, established with federal grant funds in 1972 under the Seattle-King County Department of Public Health, was the first effort by local government to consolidate services. Centralization continued with Washington State's passage (1972) of the Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxication Treatment Act, which decriminalized public inebriation and provided a discrete program of alcoholism treatment separate from the criminal justice and mental health systems. King County Archives and Records Management. Seattle-King County Department of Public Health: Alcohol and Substance Abuse Services Division. Record Group 112.06. Administrative Files.
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The Alcoholism Report. Vol.1, No. 5. December 22, 1972; pg. 7.
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1973 Vernon H. Johnson publishes “I’ll Quit Tomorrow: A Practical Guide to Alcoholism Treatment.”
This bestselling recovery classic has helped untold thousands of alcoholics onto the road of recovery. Written by the founder of the Johnson Institute in Minneapolis, this book became one of the country's most successful training programs for treatment providers. I'll Quit Tomorrow presents the concepts and methods that have brought new hope to alcoholics and their families, friends, and employers. AA Bibliography Home: I’ll Quit Tomorrow.
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1973 Office on Alcoholism is created as an agency separate from Mental Health under the Department of Social and Health Services.
House bill 2435 reflects the changing approach to alcoholism. It removed the state division on alcoholism from under the control of the state Office of Mental Health and made it a separate and equal Office on Alcoholism under the Department of Health Services. East Side Journal, “New alcoholism laws reflect changing ideas of treatment.” Wednesday, September 25, 1974; pg. A13.
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In 1973 the state legislature enacted Engrossed Senate Bill 2435, which has two primary thrusts. First, it very specifically separates alcoholism from mental health. Secondly, the Bill establishes county alcoholism administrative boards to allow for maximum control of planning, funding, and operation of alcoholism programs to be carried out at local and county levels. Washington State Comprehensive Alcoholism Plan, Fiscal Year 1977 (Draft), April 1, 1976; pg. 3.
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1973 The first clinical study establishing a relationship between alcohol consumption and birth defects takes place at the University of Washington. The syndrome is formally named: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).
That year, University of Washington pediatricians Kenneth L. Jones, David W. Smith, and others, published a study of eight children born with serious developmental disabilities and a specific pattern of birth defects that could have been caused by gestational development. The children's mothers came from various ethnic groups, and had nothing in common except their alcohol abuse. Jones and Smith's study not only noted the connection between prenatal alcohol and developmental disabilities, but gave it a name: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). University of Washington Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. “The Ethanol Bath: The Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit’s Continuing Battle Against Preventable Developmental Disorders.” Quarterly Newsletter, Spring 2000.
Fetal alcohol syndrome was named in 1973 by two dysmorphologists, Kenneth Lyons Jones and David W. Smith of the University of Washington Medical School in Seattle. They identified a pattern of "craniofacial, limb, and cardiovascular defects associated with prenatal onset growth deficiency and developmental delay" in eight unrelated children of three ethnic groups, all born to mothers who were alcoholics. The pattern of malformations indicated that the damage was prenatal. News of the discovery was "shocking, and met at first with disbelief." Wikipedia: "The Free Encyclopedia. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder."
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1973 Alcohol and Drug Institute established at the University of Washington.
Recognizing the need to address the enormous problems caused by alcohol and drug abuse, the University of Washington established the Alcohol and Drug Institute in October of 1973 as an interdisciplinary research center in the Warren G. Magnuson Health Sciences Center. From the beginning, the mission of the Institute has been to conduct and support substance abuse research at the University of Washington, and disseminate research finding in substance abuse…The Institute receives financial support from the State of Washington under state Initiative 171, which mandates that a portion of fees collected for state liquor licenses be allocated to the two state research universities for research on alcohol and drug abuse. Alcohol and Drug Institute, University of Washington: Overview of ADAI
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In 1972, Dean Joseph McCarthy of the Graduate School appointed an ad hoc committee to study state needs in the field of research and training in relation to Alcoholism and Drug Addiction. This committee was charged with the task of studying the needs of the agencies of the State of Washington for research and training in relation to alcoholism and drug addiction, particularly with regard to the impending enactment of Senate Bill 29, which provides for the recognition of alcoholism as a medical illness with the implication that public intoxication should not be treated as a criminal act. A group of professors including Albert Carlin (psychiatry), Lawrence Halpern (pharmacology), Alan Marlatt (psychology), and Roger Roffman (social work) submitted a proposal outlining plans for the establishment of an Institute which was submitted to Dean McCarthy in April 1973. Alcoholism and Drug Institute Annual Report. November 1973-September 1974; pg. 3.
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Eventually, in 1973, the Board of Regents established the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute (ADAI) at the University of Washington which became the administrative structure for the Initiative 171 funds. The Institute was structured so as to be an independent unit within the Health Sciences, reporting directly to the Vice President for Health Sciences. “ADAI History.” (Unattributed memoir).
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1973 Evergreen Treatment Services opens in Seattle, pioneering treatment in opioid dependence.
ETS is a private, nonprofit addiction treatment service, and has earned a nationwide reputation for excellence in the treatment of opioid dependence and other addictive disorders. Evergreen Treatment Services: About ETS.
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1973 Sundown M Ranch adds inpatient treatment for women.
Sundown had implemented a day program of inpatient treatment for women, but it soon became apparent that many women needed the additional attention that they could not get as outpatients and needed the protection of inpatient treatment. In October of 1973, after some major alteration to the facility, nine women’s beds were made available. Sundown M Ranch Celebrating 35 Years: A History of Success, A Community of Recovery. Sundown M Ranch, 2003.
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1974 Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act is amended.
Public
Law 93-415 is amended. Located within the Office of Justice Programs of the
U.S. Department of Justice, OJJDP's goal is to provide national leadership in
addressing the issues of juvenile delinquency and improving juvenile justice. Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention.
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1974 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is established.
In 1974 NIDA is established as the Federal focal point for research, treatment, prevention and training services, and data collection on the nature and extent of drug abuse. NIDA. About NIDA. Milestones in NIDA’s History.
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National Institute on Drug Abuse: 25 Years of Progress in Drug Abuse Research. A Special Supplement to NIDA’s Bimonthly Newsletter NIDA Notes.
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1974 The Association of Labor and Management Administrators and Consultants on Alcoholism, or ALMACA is created, (renamed the Employee Assistance Professionals Association, or EAPA, in 1989).
ALMACA provided another major boost to the Employee Assistance Program movement. ALMACA contributed to the dissemination and enhancement of EAP knowledge. Swanson, Robert C. Employee Assistance Handbook. Chapter II: Historical Overview and Evolution of Employee Assistance Programs. CONSAD Research Corporation, 1999.
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1974 Certification for Alcoholism Treatment Facilities, WAC 275-15.
Adopted early on in the state’s alcoholism program and based on a lot of input from the Washington State Council on Alcoholism, and the treatment community. FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Vol. 1, No.2, August/September, 1979; Pg 6.
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Washington Administrative Code (WAC) Title 275.
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1974 Washington State University establishes Alcoholism Studies Program.
The program, which is staffed by members of the Sociology and Psychology faculty, has three elements: an undergraduate Certificate program, a Masters program, and a pre- and post-doctoral research training program. Washington State Alcoholism Plan: Fiscal Year 1978. Action Plan & Appendices; pg. 55.
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1974 Group insurance policies in Washington State must include treatment for alcoholism.
Washington State became one of the first states in the nation to adopt legislation requiring all private group health plans include coverage of alcoholism treatment suggesting parity: “The legislature recognizes that alcoholism is a disease, and, as such, warrants the same attention from the health care industry as other similarly serious diseases warrant…” “Chemical Dependency & Health Insurance: Historical Recap.” Including Regulatory Changes Effective January 2000.
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House Bill 1077 states that all group insurance policies, as they are written or renewed, must include coverage for treatment of alcoholism at approved treatment centers. During the legislative process, the word “hospital” in the bill was changed to “treatment facility.” This made many more private treatment centers eligible for funds from insurance companies for the treatment of alcoholics. East Side Journal, “ New alcoholism laws reflect changing ideas of treatment.” Wednesday, September 25, 1974; pg. A13.
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In 1968, alcoholics were excluded from 60 percent of the general hospitals, and 40 percent of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans explicitly excluded coverage for alcoholism treatment. NIAAA advocated for the inclusion of alcoholism treatment as a benefit under health insurance and encouraged employers to support treatment for alcoholic employees. Because a voluntary expansion of benefits appeared unlikely, states changed insurance regulations and laws to mandate coverage for alcoholism treatment in group health insurance plans. The first states to require coverage for inpatient alcoholism treatment were Wisconsin (in 1972), Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Washington State (in 1974). Managing Managed Care: Quality Improvement in Behavioral Health. Institute of Medicine.
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1974 The Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit is created by the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine.
The Department of Psychiatry founded the Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit (FADU), with Ann Streissguth, Ph.D., who had worked with Drs. Jones and Smith on their studies, as Director. In the years since, FADU has become one of the major research centers for the study of FAS and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE), and Dr. Streissguth has become a recognized expert in the field. University of Washington Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. “The Ethanol Bath: The Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit’s Continuing Battle Against Preventable Developmental Disorders.” Quarterly Newsletter, Spring 2000.
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1974 Comprehensive Health Education Foundation (CHEF) becomes a nonprofit in October.
C.H.E.F.
was incorporated on October 2, 1974, as a nonprofit dedicated to the
advancement of health through education. Our first venture into publishing came
with Here's Looking at You®, a drug prevention and education curriculum. Here's Looking
at You was developed by Comprehensive Health Education Foundation (C.H.E.F.®),
a nonprofit organization that supports health education in schools and
communities through the development of nationally recognized prevention and
health education materials and services. Comprehensive Health Education Foundation: Mission and History of
C.H.E.F.
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1974 Dial-A-Bottle is started in Seattle.
Dial-A-Bottle was a phone referral system for people with alcohol abuse questions. The service ran from late afternoon to midnight and expanded to 24 hours by 1978. Dial-A-Bottle folded in 1978, and was resurrected by volunteers in 1979 as the 24 Hour Alcohol Drug Helpline. “Chronological order of growth in the chemical dependency field." (Unattributed Memoir).
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She (Eva Page) started Dial-A-Bottle on September 2, 1974, a concept she developed after her husband died form alcoholism. Seattle Times. “Dial-A-Bottle was filled with red ink.” Monday, July 11,1977; pg. A10.
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1975 U.S. Department of Heath and Human Services codifies regulations on Confidentiality of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patient Records in 42 C.F.R. Part 2.
Congress recognized that the stigma associated with substance abuse and fear of prosecution deterred people from entering treatment and enacted legislation that gave patients a right to confidentiality. The Confidentiality of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patient Records Regulation and the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Implications for Alcohol and Substance Abuse Programs. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. June 2004.
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Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42 – Public Health. Part 2.
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1975 First Oxford House is established.
Oxford House is a self-run, self-supported recovery house program for individuals recovering from alcoholism and drug addiction. Oxford Houses assure an alcohol and drug free living environment. The first Oxford House, for 13 men, was started in Silver Spring, Maryland in 1975. “OXFORD HOUSE – A Concept, System of Operations and Traditions: Recovery, Responsibility, and Replication.”
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Oxford House.
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1975 Alcoholism treatment act implemented in Washington; decriminalizes public intoxication.
In February, 1972, the state legislature passed the Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxification Treatment Act (statutory designation: 70:96A, Revised Code of WA). As originally passed, the date of implementation was scheduled for January 1, 1974. During the 1973 extraordinary legislative session, the Department of Social and Health Services recommended postponing implementation. As a result, the implementation date was January 1, 1975. Washington State Comprehensive Alcoholism Plan, Fiscal Year 1977 (Draft), “History of the State Alcoholism Program.” April 1, 1976; pg. 3.
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King County is gearing up to respond to the change in law decriminalizing alcoholism. Both a new county treatment facility and the law will be in operation by the first of the year. East Side Journal, “ County to have treatment facility.” Wednesday, September 25, 1974; pg. A13.
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1975 Deferred prosecution for DWI offenders passed in state legislature.
In 1975 an enlightened state legislature recognized that some persons run afoul of the law not because they are criminals, but because they cannot help it. The lawmakers recognized that the most effective way to keep the alcoholic from driving drunk was to get him to stop drinking. Out of this inspiration was born RCW 10.05, the deferred prosecution statute. Cowan, Douglas L. and Hayne, Stephen W. Defending DWI’s in Washington, (2nd edition) Lexus/Nexus, 1998; pg. 92.
Deferred prosecution is a unique policy. No other states have a policy (law) like it, and few have anything similar. Deferred prosecution is a true intervention initiative. It recognizes that crisis is often the best incentive to motivate changes in behavior or confront dysfunctional or unhealthy life-styles. It also recognizes the disease nature of chemical addictions, and the "loss of control" that accompanies chemical dependency and many mental health diagnoses. Ethics and the Law: Washington State’s Deferred Prosecution Intervention Policy.
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Washington State has a proud history of progressive policies in the area of alcohol and other drug abuse treatment. It was among the first states in the country to link offenders convicted of Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs (DUI) to community treatment services. Washington’s Alcohol and Other Drug Information School is considered a model for similar programs adopted in other states. Interlaced throughout Washington’s criminal laws are linkages to alcohol and other drug treatment services, reflecting not only this state’s awareness of the destructive role those substances play in society, but also the importance of treatment and education as an intervention. Washington’s deferred prosecution policy may possibly be the most progressive example of that value system, and remains unique as the only treatment intervention program of its kind in the country. Ethics and the Law: The Legislative History of Deferred Prosecution.
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RCW 10.05. Deferred Prosecution – Courts of Limited Jurisdiction.
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Basically the law provides that an individual arraigned in a court of limited jurisdiction on a misdemeanor or gross misdemeanor charge may petition the court for “deferred prosecution” if (1) the act was a result of alcohol, drug, or mental problems and (2) unless treated, there is a high probability the act will be repeated. FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Vol. II, No. 2, May 1980; pg. 5.
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1975 Guidelines for Alcoholism Counselor Qualifications established.
The attached guidelines are the result of three years of developmental work by alcoholism service agencies, the Washington State Council on Alcoholism, the Alcoholism Professional Staff Society and the Office of Alcoholism. The criteria set forth in these guidelines were developed with the intent that they would be used by a duly constituted certifying body (either governmental or independent). While efforts are still moving in this direction, the Office of Alcoholism has adopted these criteria as departmental guidelines to be used by service agencies and the office in evaluating the qualifications of service agency counseling staff. Washington State Alcoholism Plan: Fiscal Year 1977. Volume I: Action Plan & Volume II: Appendices; Appendix E.
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1975 Washington Indian Commission on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse is established.
The Commission is established through a contract with the State Office of Alcoholism. The objectives of the Commission are to sponsor, develop, and promote the development of a system of comprehensive alcohol services in the State of Washington. Washington State Indian Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Indian Alcoholism Plan: Fiscal Year 1979; pg. 41.
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The Commission is an all-Indian organizatin chartered withing the State of Washington as a non-profit corporation. The primary purpose of the organization is to provide a collective voice for tribal and urban Native American alcoholism programs in order to promote, plan and coordinate alcoholism and drug abuse services among all of the Indians and Alaskan natives in the state. Washington State Comprehensive Alcoholism Plan: Fiscal Year 1977; pgs. 35 & 75.
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1975 Seattle University lists classes officially as “Alcohol Studies Courses,” and it becomes an identifiable program of study. A certificate is offered in Alcohol Studies.
Starting in the Fall Quarter of 1975, the (Seattle University) courses were offered as “Alcohol Studies Courses” and listed as “ALC” courses….Initially the Program offered a 20-credit Certificate in Alcohol Studies with 18 credits in required courses and two elective credits. The required courses included two Field Experiences in which the students were required to complete a minimum of 10 hours of supervised work experience in an approved alcoholism agency. Some minor changes were made, and an Advanced Certificate in Alcohol Studies was added; that Certificate required an additional 16 credits in Alcohol Studies courses. “A Short History of the Seattle University Alcohol Studies Program.” (Unattributed Memoir).
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1975 Center for Addiction Services initiates first treatment program for pregnant women.
Chemical dependency support services for pregnant women begins - the first in Washington state. Therapeutic Health Services. Building Healthier Families and Healthier Communities: 2004 Annual Report.
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Therapeutic Health Services.
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1976 Washington State Comprehensive Alcoholism Plan, separates alcohol treatment from mental health and creates Community Alcohol Centers (CAC's).
The State alcoholism plan has been written according to the guidelines of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in order to qualify for Federal Formula Grant Funds authorized by the Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Act of 1970. Second, it describes to the legislature the manner in which the state’s Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxification Treatment Act is being implemented and the services to which the state appropriated funds are being applied. Washington State Comprehensive Alcoholism Plan, Fiscal Year 1977 (Draft). April 1, 1976.
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The Washington State Comprehensive Alcohol Plan for 1976 prepared by the Department of Social and Health Services very specifically separates alcoholism from mental health. A separate alcoholism service delivery system, with community alcoholism centers at the hub, was established in every county. Only in the smallest rural areas, where per capita funding was inadequate, was an exception made to the establishment of discrete community alcohol centers. Washington State Council on Alcoholism and The Association of Alcoholism Programs in Washington State, “Position on Certification of Mental Health Centers of Alcoholism Treatment.” February 1987; pg. 2.
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1976 Cedar Hills Indian Treatment Center begins operation in October.
This facility is a 90-day residential treatment program and has a cpacity of 44 residents. The facility is staffed entirely by Native Americans and includes four counselors and a director. Washington State Alcoholism Plan: Fiscal Year 1978. Action Plan & Appendices; pg. 69.
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1976 Second Chance Program is initiated in King County for delinquent youth with alcohol abuse problems.
The King County Alcoholism Program, at the request of King County Juvenile Courts has developed an innovative alcoholism program for juveniles that are sent from the courts to the King County Youth Services Center. In 1977, the Division of Alcoholism assumed the project. It is expected that this program can become a model for youth offender programs throughout the state. Washington State Alcoholism Plan: Fiscal Year 1978. Action Plan & Appendices; pg. 46-47.
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Second Chance provides both screening and referral and residential treatment services. Youth are referred to the Second Chance from the courts and other sources of referral. Youth who can be treated as outpatients by youth counselors at the community alcoholism centers are referred to those centers. Youth who are alcoholic and require intensive treatment are admitted to the residential treatment portion of the Second Chance program. Washington State Alcoholism Plan: Fiscal Year 1979. Action Plan & Appendices; pgs. 53-54..
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1976 The Bi-County Mexican-American Alcoholism Program (BI-MAAP) project is funded by NIAAA and opens in Walla Walla.
The program provides services to Mexican-Americans who have alcohol or alcohol-related problems in Walla Walla and Columbia Counties. The program is unique not only because it is the only one of its kind in the state, but because it can provide adequate treatment services in Spanish. BI-MAAP has been certified to provide Alcoholism Outpatient Treatment Services, Alcoholism Information and Referral Services, and Alcohol Information School Services. FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Vol. 1, No. 3, Nov/Dec 1979; pg. 1.
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1977 The Office of Drug Abuse Prevention is created in Washington.
Prior to July 1, 1977, the Drug Abuse Program was divided between two agencies of state government. Treatment programs and funding were administered by the Bureau of Mental Health within the Department of Social and Health Services. Planning, prevention, and training functions were the responsibility of the Office of Drug Abuse Prevention which was part of the Governor’s Office of Community Development. As of July 1, 1977, these two programs were combined as a new office within the Community Services Division of DSHS. FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1979; pg. 1.
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1977 Seattle hosts first “Fat Tuesday” celebration in Pioneer Square.
The crowds caught law enforcement by surprise. They reported public drunkenness and drug consumption, even involving children. Some officers said they were pelted by beer bottles. HistoryLink.org: The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. “Seattle's Fat Tuesday crowds turn unruly, according to police, on February 18 and February 19,1977.”
Click for Web Resource
1978 Betty Ford seeks treatment for drug and alcohol problems.
ABC Evening News for Thursday, May 4, 1978. Vanderbilt University Television News Archive. "Headline: Betty Ford/ Drug and Alcohol Problem/ Return Home."
Click for Web Resource
1978 Washington Department of Social and Health Services establishes the Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse.
Glen Miller installed as head of the new BASA. The Washington State Council on Alcoholism addressed a letter to DSHS reaffirming its long-standing attitude of a separate and distinct alcoholism program within the state and through the county level. Dr. Harlan McNutt, Secretary of DSHS, responded: “I want to assure you that the creation of this new Bureau in no way suggests the Department intends to diminish the visibility of alcoholism programs nor to lessen the emphasis the Department places on Alcoholism Services. Rather, the intent is to strengthen our efforts to provide better services to alcoholics and poly-drug users by bringing about greater coordination and cooperation between alcoholism and drug programs within the framework of a separate and distinct alcoholism and a separate and distinct drug program merging together at the Bureau level.” AlcoInfo. Washington State Council on Alcoholism, Vol. 1, No. 1, May 1978; Pg. 9.
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Internal reorganization of the department in the Spring of
1978 placed the Office on Alcoholism within a newly created Bureau of Alcohol
and Substance Abuse. The Bureau contains
a discrete office of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse. The Bureau will work with
representatives from the alcoholism and drug abuse communities to identify
procedures for improving care for persons with alcohol and drug related
problems.
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1978 The first “Embottled Woman” workshop is held at the University of Washington.
In an effort to explore the needs of women alcoholics and reach more of them, the Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Institute at the University of Washington and the Project on Women and Mental Health at the U.W.’s School of Social Work are sponsoring a two-day workshop: “The Embottled Woman: Society’s Victim” February 9 and 10 in the Student Union Building on the campus. The registration fee is $30. Seattle Times, “Now there’s help for alcoholic women.” Sunday, February 5, 1978; pg. C6.
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1978 Program for the elderly funded by NIAAA in Vancouver, WA.
One of only two alcoholism projects for the elderly was funded by NIAAA in Vancouver, WA. It is operating on a three year grant, and includes services for both clients and ancillary agency groups. FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1979; pg. 5.
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1978 The first edition of “AlcoInfo” is published by the Washington State Council on Alcoholism.
Its contents gleaned mostly by the office through phone calls and the press clipping service, incoming correspondence and joint brainstorming sessions. Communication has been a problem in WSCA and this is one method we can combine to alleviate that hurdle…Washington State Council on Alcoholism, AlcoInfo. Vol. 1, No. 1, May 1978.
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1978 Daybreak is founded in Spokane to help troubled teens.
Daybreak’s mission is to help teens and families troubled by alcohol and other drug use. It was founded in Spokane by a group of citizens from Whitworth Community Presbyterian Church. Following 2 years of needs assessment, Daybreak opened its doors in the basement of the Manito United Methodist Church as an after-school counseling program, admitting 60 teens. In 1984, a 12-bed inpatient facility was opened, and served as the only adolescent program in Eastern Washington that could provide residential treatment services to low-income youth. Daybreak Development: Serving teens and families troubled by alcohol and other drug use. (2003)
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Daybreak.
Click for Web Resource
1978 Sundown M Ranch implements first family inpatient program.
In 1978 Sundown implemented a unique inpatient family program. The first of its type in the state, the program allowed each family to receive individual and group counseling, education, and conjoint sessions involving all family members and the primary patient, and a final planning session before their return home. The success of this program subsequently increased additional referrals among those alcoholics who needed total family involvement in their treatment. Sundown M Ranch Celebrating 35 Years: A History of Success, A Community of Recovery. Sundown M Ranch, 2003; pg. 11.
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1979
Since
its inception in 1979, Healthy People has moved the nation from assessing
health status to projecting and forecasting what is possible to achieve through
preventive interventions and proven clinical preventive services. The
initiative provides a time capsule snapshot of the progress of the health of
the nation in the last part of the century. Healthy People have enjoyed the
bipartisan support of four administrations. Co-Lead Agencies: National Institutes of Health; Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration. SAMHSA's National Mental Health Information Center. Healthy People 2010.
Click for Web Resource
1979 New DUI Laws create 0.10 % limit and Alcohol Information Schools for first time offenders.
New legislation designed to get uniformity and certainty of punishment for DWIs was passed and was signed into law by Governor Ray in Mid May. Under the new law which changes in 46.161 RCW, a person is guilty of driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any drug if he drives having 0.10 % or more by weight of alcohol. The new law calls for a day, or not more than one year in jail, the one-day sentence shall not be suspended or deferred. The law also calls for the first offender to attend an Alcohol Information School (AIS) approved by BASA. The new legislation also mandates that DSHS shall organize and sponsor a statewide program to help court personnel – including judges – better understand the disease of alcoholism and the uses of alcoholism treatment programs. FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse. Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1979; pg. 5.
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1979 WSCA votes to reorganize based on DSHS Regional lines.
The purpose of reorganization is to achieve more community in-put, increase the citizen volunteer effort and in general make the WSCA more meaningful and active at the local level. FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Vol. 1, No. 3, Nov/Dec., 1979; pg. 1.
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1979 Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse FOCUS newsletter is founded.
FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1979.
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1979 Pioneer Center North, at Northern State Hospital opens program for high chronicity involuntary commitments.
Norm Chamberlain of the Citizen’s Advisory Council to the Office of Alcoholism states: there is nothing quite like this in the nation…(and) that in a correct, protected environment, with a new intervention strategy and process, it is hoped that many of these high chronic, long-term risk patterns can be turned around.” FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1979; pg. 4.
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Pioneer North – possibly the first secure alcoholism treatment center in the nation – was dedicated July 14 in a ceremony heralding the reopening of the old Northern State Hospital at Sedro Wooley. In her dedication speech, Governor Dixy Lee Ray told the audience that even though Washington administers what is considered to be one of the best alcoholism programs in the nation, recent changes in the involuntary commitment law revealed a clientele which wasn’t fitting in with existing programs. Referring to chronic alcoholics who continuously walk away from detox before their required time is served, Gov. Ray said she expects Pioneer North to fill that gap. FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Vol. 1, No. 2, August/September 1979; pg. 1.
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The Public Alcoholism Center Treatment Facilities Director’s
Manual for involuntary commitment. This document is intended to provide
technical direction to administrators of public treatment facilities in regards
to involuntary treatment of alcoholics subsequent to the provisions of RCW
70.96A. This draft is a narrative description of the law, as formulated by the
Office of Alcoholism in cooperation with the Office of the Attorney
General.
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September 1979: Opened a 35-bed civil commitment center for chronic alcoholics at Northern State Hospital in Sedro Woolley, WA. This unit, the first of its kind in the nation, provided minimum security structure with an intensive alcoholism treatment and rehabilitation program for civil commitment clients. Pioneer Human Services. Pioneer History Highlights.
Click for Web Resource
1979 Spokane Addiction Recovery Centers (SPARC) opens women’s program.
SPARC began with a ten bed inpatient, 90 day recovery house program, and then began a rather unique approach to treatment by designing an intensive outpatient day treatment program for women and their children. “SPARC: Spokane Addiction Recovery Centers.”
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1979 Alcohol 24-Hour Help line is founded in Seattle.
A new 24 hour alcohol information and referral crisis line begins operation on August 15, 1979. The service will be funded by the King County Division of Alcohol Services and directed by Ann Forbes. WA State Council on Alcoholism. AlcoInfo, August 1979; pg. 6.
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The Alcohol/Drug 24-Hour Help Line (ADHL) is a confidential, Washington Statewide telephone service providing assistance and guidance for people with alcohol and other drug-related problems. ADHL has been serving the general public and the professional community since 1979. Through calendar year 2003, we have responded to over 623,178 calls. ADHL has a history as a vital and respected community resource.
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1979 Clark College opens two year certification program for alcoholism counselors.
Vancouver’s Clark College announced a new two-year training program for alcoholism counselors in addition to the one-year alcoholism counselor aid program in place since 1975. The two-year stint includes courses necessary for becoming a Certified Alcoholism Counselor as specified by the Alcoholism Certification Board. FOCUS. Bureau of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1979; pg. 3.
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1979 SEADRUNAR opens non-profit recycling center to provide job training to clients.
Seadrunar Recycling was established in 1979 to provide these clients with a work therapy environment in which to learn supervisory and general job skills and responsibilities.
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Click for Interview
with Nan Busby |
1980 Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is founded as a powerful grassroots advocacy movement.
Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) is established in California in May and is later incorporated on September 5. The first two chapters of MADD are created in California and Maryland. MADD holds its first national press conference in Washington, D.C., with members of Congress and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in October, putting the drunk driving issue and the organization on the nation's radar screen. MADD. MADD Milestones.
Click for Web Resource
1980 Washington Association of Alcoholism & Addiction Programs (AAP) is founded.
The Association of Alcoholism and Addiction Programs is the umbrella trade organization for chemical dependency treatment programs, encompassing all corporate structures and treatment modality types in its membership. The non-profit organization is financed solely through membership dues. Membership includes hospital based programs, publicly funded non-profits and privately-owned treatment facilities providing the full spectrum of inpatient and outpatient services, including programs for women only, women with children, adolescents, and special populations. Association members collectively employ over 1,000 staff and provide chemical dependency treatment services to some 35,000 patients annually. Washington Association of Alcoholism & Addiction Programs. Welcome to AAP: History and Mission Statement.
Click for Web Resource; and Click for Web Resource
1980 Washington State V. Cascade District Court. Deferred prosecutions for DUI offenders upheld as sentencing alternative in Washington Courts.
[1] Courts of Limited Jurisdiction - Prosecution - Deferral - Nature. The process established by RCW 10.05 for deferring prosecution in order to treat an alcohol problem or other cause of the wrongful conduct is essentially a sentencing alternative and is a judicial act which occurs after the prosecutor's decision to charge.
[2] Courts of Limited Jurisdiction - Prosecution - Deferral - Concurrence by State - Validity. That portion of RCW 10.05.030 which requires the concurrence of the prosecuting attorney before a court of limited jurisdiction can continue an arraignment and refer the defendant for treatment evaluation is unconstitutional as an infringement of a discretionary judicial act.
Washington State V. Cascade District Court
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1981 Residence XII opens treatment center for chemically dependent women.
The facility was located at St. Thomas Center in Bothell, WA, and started with a recovery house program of 9 beds. Healthcare, “Residence XII Has a New Home.” Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2000.
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In 1979 a group of Puget Sound volunteers organized to establish a quality treatment facility for chemically dependent women. Residence XII opened its doors in 1981 as a nine bed recovery house. Its first director was Margie Clemente. By 1982, the program had evolved into an intensive inpatient treatment program and was licensed as such by the State of Washington. The Res XII treatment; program was written by Marion Hutton Schoen, herself a recovering alcoholic, and former singer in the Glenn Miller band in the 1940’s. Residence XII: Recovery Begins…A Chemical Dependency Program For Women. (1996)
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Residence XII: Alcohol & Chemical Dependency Treatment for Women.
Click for Web Resource
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1981 James Milam and Katherine Ketchum publish “Under the Influence: A Guide to the Myths and Realities of Alcoholism.”
Ten million Americans suffer from alcoholism, yet most people still wrongly believe that alcoholism is a psychological or moral problem, and that it can be cured by psychotherapy or sheer will power. Based on groundbreaking scientific research, UNDER THE INFLUENCE examines the physical factors that set alcoholics and non-alcoholics apart, and suggests a bold stigma-free way of understanding and treating the alcoholic. Lakeside-Milam Recovery Centers. Under the Influence.
Click for Web Resource
This "classic" book on alcoholism is a fascinating, yet complex read. Milam describes in his opening chapter the deep schism that exists among scientists, physicians and addiction treatment facilitators over the nature of the disease of alcoholism. Alcoholism among many researchers and legislators in the United States is still regarded as a moral issue rather than a disease. LifeRing Secular Recovery. Book Talk: Under the Influence. Click for Web Resource
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1982 Betty Ford Center founded.
Mrs. Ford and Leonard Firestone were co-chairmen and founders of the Betty Ford Center at Eisenhower, located in Rancho Mirage, California, opening in October 1982. The Center's treatment program assists women, men and their families in starting the process of recovery from alcoholism and other drug dependency. Betty Ford Biography, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum.
Click for Web Resource
Betty Ford Center.
Click for Web Resource
1982
Provide leadership
to and a statewide focus on the prevention of child abuse and neglect, and to
encourage and support effective community prevention efforts. WCPCAN is funded by the state's general fund,
the federal Community
Based Child Abuse Prevention (CBCAP) program grant, the Children's
Trust Fund and private donations. The fund provides financial support to programs
that strengthen families and prevent child abuse and neglect and educates the
public about Shaken Baby
Syndrome. WCPCAN is a 14 member; Governor appointed Council
legislated to promote prevention of child abuse and neglect.
Click for Web Resource
1982 Seattle University adds a Certificate in Alcohol/Drug Studies.
In 1982 a Certificate in Alcohol/Drug Studies was added and students had a choice between the two basic Certificates. the new certificates and the new courses were added to reflect the changing needs of the treatment community. “A Short History of the Seattle University Alcohol Studies Program.” (Unattributed Memoir)
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1982 The Alcohol 24 Hour Help Line becomes the Alcohol/Drug 24 Hour Helpline and adds a state wide toll-free phone line to expand services.
In January of 1982, the Help Line added “Drug” to its title, and in February, with funding help from BASA and the Washington State Council on Alcoholism (WSCA), the Help Line added a Watts line to provide toll free assistance to callers across the state. “Alcohol/Drug Helpline Time Line 1979-2004.”
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1983 Drug Abuse
Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Program founded.
D.A.R.E.
was founded in 1983 in
1983 American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) adopts Public Policy of alcoholism as a primary disease.
American Society of Addiction Medicine, Inc. Public Policy: Alcoholism as a Primary Disease.
1983 Project
ALERT curriculum is created by the RAND Corporation.
Project
ALERT is a drug prevention curriculum for middle-school students (11 to 14
years old), which dramatically reduces both the onset and regular use of
substances. The 2-year, 14-lesson program focuses on the substances that
adolescents are most likely to use: alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and inhalants.
Project Alert use participatory activities and videos to help: Motivate
adolescents against drug use, teach adolescents the skills and strategies
needed to resist pro-drug pressures, and establish non-drug-using norms. In the early 1980s, the RAND Corporation, an
internationally recognized nonprofit institution established to improve policy
and decision-making through research and analysis, assessed the effectiveness
of three major strategies for curtailing adolescent drug use: prevention, law
enforcement, and treatment. Based on that study’s conclusions, the Conrad N.
Hilton Foundation funded
Click for Web Resource
1983 Ryther Child Center opens the first youth only inpatient program in the state.
Substance Abuse treatment program launched and first Chemical Dependency (CD) treatment cottage opens, making it the first certified inpatient program for adolescents in the state. Ryther Child Center’s History: A Century of Hope and Healing.
Click for Web Resource
1983 Milam Recovery Centers opens.
Dr. James R. Milam, author of the book, “Under the Influence” (1981), and Charles H. Kester, head of the Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services for Seattle-King County (1969-1983), combined forces to establish Milam Recovery Centers in 1983. Later, Mr. Kester assumed full stewardship and the successful 30-year evolution continued as Lakeside-Milam Recovery Centers. Lakeside-Milam Recovery Centers: A History of Treatment Success.
Click for Web Resource
*See Dr. Milam Interview on founding Alcenas, 1970
1983 Center for Addiction Service becomes Theraupeutic Health Services.
The Center for Addiction Services opens new clinic and changes the name to Therapeutic Health Services to expand treatment. Therapeutic Health Services.
Click for Web Resource.
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1984 Child
Abuse Prevention Federal Challenge Grants Act is passed.
The
first law to direct Federal funds specifically to assist state efforts in
preventing child abuse and neglect. Amendments to the law in 1992 and 1994 broadened the earlier legislation
to include the provision of community-based child abuse prevention activities
and family resource services.
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1984 Federal legislation creates age 21 as national minimum drinking age.
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed on July 17, 1984 by the United States Congress as a mechanism whereby all states would become thereafter required to legislate and enforce the age of 21 years as a minimum age for purchasing or public possession of alcoholic beverages. Under the Federal Aid Highway Act, a state not enforcing the minimum age would be subjected to a ten percent decrease in its annual federal highway apportionment. Pressure from Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and Candy Lightner, its founder, was credited with passage of the bill. Wikepedia: The Free Encyclopedia. "The National Minimum Drinking Age Act."
Click for Web Resource
1984 New York mandates insurer’s coverage of outpatient alcoholism treatment.
New York is believed to be the first state in the nation to require insurers to cover outpatient alcoholism treatment. The mandate requires insurers to provide at least 60 days of outpatient coverage at facilities that are certified. The mandate is part of 1983 legislation initiated by Governor Mario Cuomo to provide more comprehensive treatment of alcoholism. Hospitals, October 16, 1984; pg. 30.
1984 Nation’s First DWI Victim Impact Panels founded in Washington.
The Panels were co-founded in 1984 by Judge David Admire of Northeast District Court in Redmond, Washington, and Larry and Shirley Anderson of Bothell, the parents of a young man killed by a drunk driver. There are now panels operating throughout the Pacific Northwest, in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California. The Original DWI Victims Panel of King County. About Us.
Click for Web Resource
Anderson helped start the first court-ordered victim impact panel in 1984, believed to be the first in the nation. Mothers against Drunk Driving published a how-to manual in the late 1980’s, and now there are about 200 MADD panels in the country. Seattle Post Intelligencer, “Confronting drunken drivers.” November 14, 2003; pg. A1. Click for Web Resource
In the early 1980s, when he (David Admire) was campaigning for his first term as a judge, he had a conversation with a woman whose son had been killed by a drunken driver. Within two years, Admire and Shirley Anderson created drunken-driving victim panels, where DUI offenders are sentenced to an evening of listening to stories from victims. The panels are now used in all 50 states. Admire says he was inspired by DUI offenders he saw in his courtroom who weren't heeding his warnings. He told Anderson, "I think they'll hear the victims more than they'll hear me." Seattle Times. “Judge who tried to help mend lives steps down.” July 30, 2005.
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1984 Washington State University study on alcohol consumption and nutrition.
Moderate and heavy drinkers may be depriving themselves of some nutrients, according to a Washington State University food Scientist (D. Val Hillers) who recently completed a study of 179 middle-class men…The study found that the nutritional quality of the men’s diets dropped as alcohol consumption increased. Intake of vitamin A, vitamin C and thiamin also fell below recommended levels.. The research was published in the February issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. WSU Hilltopics, “Drinkers Deprive Themselves of Nutrition.” April 1985; pg. 15.
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1984 Nancy Reagan CareUnit dedicated at Deaconess Medical Center in Spokane.
First Lady Nancy Reagan in September drew national attention to the nationwide CareUnit network by dedicating the Nancy Reagan CareUnit in Spokane, WA. The unit has been operating since June 1983 at Deaconess Medical Center. CareNews. Comprehensive Care Corporation, Vol. 2, No. 3, Fall 1984.
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1984 KOMO Radio and Television air “Under the Influence” series of reports and programs.
“Under the Influence” – KOMO Radio and Television’s Alcohol Action Campaign addressed alcohol, its use and abuse during an intensive month long campaign that began on December 16, 1984 and continued through Friday, January 11, 1985. KOMO Radio and Television. “Alcohol Action Campaign.” Seattle, WA. 1985.
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1985 First Merrill Scott Symposium on Alcoholism held in Yakima, WA.
21st Annual Merrill Scott Symposium on
Alcoholism and Other Chemical Addictions. August 23-25, 2006;
Click for Web Resource
1986 Federal Omnibus Drug Enforcement, Education, and Control Act of 1986
Signed by President Reagan and passed with a nearly unanimous vote, the Act instituted five and ten year mandatory minimum sentences and also the possibility of the death penalty for certain drug offenses. Effective Drug Control: Toward a New Legal Framework: State-Level Regulation as a Workable Alternative to the “War on Drugs.” Seattle: King County Bar Association Drug Policy Project, 2005; pg. 27.
Click for Web Resource
H.R.5484 Title: A bill to strengthen Federal
efforts to encourage foreign cooperation in eradicating illicit drug crops and
in halting international drug traffic, to improve enforcement of Federal drug
laws and enhance interdiction of illicit drug shipments, to provide strong
Federal leadership in establishing effective drug abuse prevention and
education programs, to expand Federal support for drug abuse treatment and
rehabilitation efforts, and for other purposes. The
Library of Congress. THOMAS Bill Summary & Status. “H.R. 5484.”
Click for Web Resource
1986 Federal
Block Grant’s are established.
When
Congress passed the 1986 Federal Omnibus Drug Act; the act included the Federal
Block Grant which dramatically increased the primary prevention resources
allocated to the states. Funding was
also increased to schools, K-12 and Higher Education, and communities through
the development of the Drug Free Schools and Communities Programs. CAPTUS: Structure of Washington’s Prevention System. History of DASA and Its Prevention program.
Click for Web Resource
1986 Drug-Free
Schools and Communities Act is passed.
Federal Money to fund statewide
Prevention Programs. The purpose of Title IV: Safe and Drug‑Free Schools and
Communities (SDFSC) of the No Child Left Behind Act is to support programs
designed to prevent violence in and around schools and strengthen programs that
prevent the illegal use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. These programs
must involve parents and be coordinated with related federal, state, and
community efforts and resources. To accomplish this purpose, federal financial
assistance is provided to states for grants to local educational agencies
(LEAs) and consortia of such agencies to establish, operate, and improve local
programs of school drug and violence prevention, early intervention,
rehabilitation referral, and education in elementary and secondary schools. Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. Guidance Manual. “Title IV: Save & Drug Free Schools and Communities 2003-4.”
Click for Web Resource
1986 Partnership
for Drug-Free
The Partnership for a Drug-Free America is a nonprofit coalition of communication, health, medical and educational professionals working to reduce illicit drug use and help people live healthy, drug-free lives. The Partnership’s research-based, educational campaigns are disseminated through all forms of media, including TV, radio and print advertisements and over the Internet. We have utilized the pro-bono work of the country’s best advertising, PR and interactive agencies, and the donated time and space of major media, to create the largest public service campaign in the nation’s history. Partnership for a Drug-Free America: About the Partnership. Click for Web Resource
1986 Victims
Panels Institutes are founded by Mother’s Against Drunk Driving (M.A.D.D.).
MADD establishes
Victim Assistance Institutes to train volunteers in supporting victims of drunk
driving and serving as their advocates in the criminal justice system. MADD. MADD Milestones.
Click for Web Resource
1986 Red Ribbon Week Campaign begins.
Project Red Ribbon is introduced - known today as Tie One on for Safety - and MADD
distributes 1 million red ribbons as motorists pledge to drive safe and sober
during the winter holidays. MADD. MADD Milestones.
Click for Web Resource
1986 The Marijuana Treatment Project begins first phase at University of Washington.
The Marijuana Treatment project is a long-range study to determine the best treatment method for marijuana dependence. Researchers say it is the only university project in the country conducting clinical research on chronic pot use. Seattle Post Intelligencer, “High Time to Quit: Long-Range UW Study Focuses on Chronic Use of Marijuana.” Monday, January 28, 1991; pg. D1.
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Innovative Programs Research Group, University of Washington School of Social Work. Current Cannabis Projects.
Click for Web Resource
1987 The American Medical Association defines all drug dependencies as diseases.
The AMA call all drug dependencies diseases whose treatment is a legitimate part of medical practice. White, William L. Slaying the Dragon: The History of Addiction Treatment and Recovery in America. Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems, 1998.
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1987 The Supreme Court upholds its 1933 ruling that Veterans Administration (VA) can define alcoholism as the result of "willful misconduct" rather than as a disease.
The Supreme Court entered the contentious debate over the nature of alcoholism last week when it ruled 4 to 3 that the Veterans Administration (VA) can define alcoholism as the result of "willful misconduct" rather than as a disease in determining veterans' eligibility for education benefits. Science News. "Alcoholics Lose Some VA Benefits." 4/30/1988.
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1987 The Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Treatment and Support Act (ADATSA) program is established in Washington State.
Before the existence of the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Treatment and Support Act (ADATSA) program, Washington State had become an attraction for impoverished populations affected by alcoholism and drug addiction. The process to draw money from the state welfare system was easy, and had no accountability. General Assistance Unemployable (GAU) payments had minimal requirement of participation in treatment for individuals incapacitated by chemical dependency. The caseload grew rapidly from 1,200 in 1982 to over 6,000 in 1986. The Washington State Legislature addressed this issue by removing alcoholism and drug addiction from GAU and creating the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Treatment and Support Act (ADATSA) program in April, 1987 for indigent adults deemed unemployable and incapacitated as a result of their addiction. The ABC's of ADATSA Adult Services, 2nd Edition. Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, Division of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, December 5 2005, Chapter A: Overview; pg. 2.
Click for Web Resource
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1987 Lawsuit forces adjustments to ADATSA requirements.
(Donna) Norburn is one of two plaintiffs in a class-action lawsuit filed by Evergreen Legal Services yesterday challenging the cutoff of direct general assistance benefits. Under a program passed by the Legislature last year, the general assistance recipients considered to have alcohol or drug problems will be required to enroll in a residential treatment program or live in a designated shelter. If they refuse, they will forgo public assistance. The lawsuit challenges the shelter residency requirement of the new program, alleging that it will force people to give up their cheap apartments in favor of shelter living. The plaintiffs also claim that the state hasn’t provide an adequate number of shelter or treatment programs. There are very few beds for women… Seattle Times, “Class-action suit assails residential treatment plan.” Wednesday, September 16, 1987; pg. E14.
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1987 Washington State requires all counselors to be registered or certified.
In 1987 Washington State enacted legislation requiring all counselors to be registered or certified under the Department of Health and creating 3 categories of optional counselor certification: Certified Social Workers, Certified Mental Health Counselors, and Certified Marriage and Family Therapists. Chemical dependency counselors at that time had a private certification process that was not recognized by the DOH, so all chemical dependency counselors fell into the mandatory registered counselor category. This private certification was recognized by DASA but not by the Legislature or DOH, because, in part, the certification did not require a master’s level education. “The History of Washington State Legislation for Chemical Dependency Professional Certification.” (Unattributed Memoir).
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1988 The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 creates the White House Office of Drug Control Policy (ONDCP).
The ONDCP, an Executive branch office, was created by this Act and was directed toward preventing the manufacture of scheduled drugs and included increased penalties to further discourage drug use. Effective Drug Control: Toward a New Legal Framework: State-Level Regulation as a Workable Alternative to the “War on Drugs.” Seattle: King County Bar Association Drug Policy Project, 2005; pg. 27.
Click for Web Resource
1988 The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Program is established.
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 and the ONDCP Reauthorization Act of 1998 authorized the Director of The Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) to designate areas within the United States which exhibit serious drug trafficking problems and harmfully impact other areas of the country as High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTA). The HIDTA Program provides additional federal resources to those areas to help eliminate or reduce drug trafficking and its harmful consequences. Law enforcement organizations within HIDTAs assess drug trafficking problems and design specific initiatives to reduce or eliminate the production, manufacture, transportation, distribution and chronic use of illegal drugs and money laundering. The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Program: An Overview.
Click for Web Resource
1988 The first Special Assistant to the Governor on Substance Abuse
Issues is appointed (also known as the Drug Czar).
Paul Dziedzic is appointed by Governor Booth Gardner as the first Washington State Drug Czar.
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1988 BASA becomes the Division of Alcohol and Substance Abuse (DASA), a promotion to division status with subsequent funding increase.
DSHS Division of Alcohol and Substance Abuse.
Click for Web Resource
1988 Healthy
Youth Survey is developed.
In
Click for Web Resource
1988 The Seattle University Alcohol Studies Program becomes the Addiction Studies Program.
“A Short History of the Seattle University Alcohol Studies Program.” (Unattribated memoir).
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1988 Tacoma Needle Exchange Program becomes first needle exchange for harm reduction of intravenous drug users in the country.
The Tacoma needle exchange program began operating "unofficially" in August 1988. After informing city officials that a needle exchange would be opening, a community-based organization set up a folding table on a sidewalk in an area of downtown Tacoma where there was a visible concentration of drug users and began exchanging syringes. The unofficial program was officially sanctioned and funded by the local health department beginning in January 1989. National Academies Press, “Preventing HIV Transmission: The Role of Sterile Needles and Bleach,” (1995).
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The Tacoma Needle Exchange Program, the first legalized syringe exchange for intravenous drug users. It has spawned more than 80 similar programs across the United States. Exchanges allow IV drug users to trade their old needles for new sterile ones, thereby reducing addicts' risk of exposure to AIDS and other diseases and cutting health care costs to the community. “Out of Harm’s Way: Traditional Approaches to Addiction Aren’t Working. It’s Time to Take a Radical Approach Says UW Professor Alan Marlatt.”
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1988 The 24 Hour Alcohol/Drug Help Line establishes a Youth Line (later renamed The Teen Line).
In 1988 the ADHL became aware of the increasing numbers of teens and families seeking help for chemical dependency problems as well as emotional issues. In 1989, the line was put into operation with its first teen volunteers with the aid of the Governor’s Alliance grant, which enabled the training program for peer phone counselors, with the idea that teens talking to teens is an effective outreach. “History of Alcohol/Drug Help Line” (Unattributed memoir) and “Alcohol/Drug Helpline Time Line 1979-2004.”
The Teen Line has been part of the 24 Hour Alcohol Drug Helpline since 1989 and serves youth and friends and families of youth in Washington State. We are a crisis intervention and referral service that can offer some help and support for those who want to talk about either their personal drug/alcohol use or someone else’s use. Washington State’s TeenLine.
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1989 The first Drug Court is founded in Miami.
The Miami Drug Court which was implemented in 1989 with the assistance of Attorney General Janet Reno, was the first of its kind and introduced the basic philosophy which characterizes all subsequently developed programs. The History of Drug Courts.
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1989 “Communities That Care” model is released.
The Communities That Care® (CTC) operating system helps communities to mobilize and engage all members of
the community whom have a stake in healthy futures for children and youth.
Community members would include elected key leaders, youth, parents, law
enforcement, schools, local youth and family service agencies, the faith
community, the business community and residents. In addition to engaging community members,
CTC helps to establish a shared vision, a common language and a collaborative
planning structure to integrate diverse community efforts addressing youth and
family issues. Through the common language and collaborative planning
structure, CTC helps communities to establish priorities for action based on a
data based profile of community strengths and challenges. CTC helps
organizations develop clear and measurable outcomes that can be tracked over
time to show progress and assure accountability. National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. Communities That Care Products and Materials. Welcome to Communities That Care.
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1989 The WA State Omnibus Drug Bill is passed, increases funds for education and law enforcement, expands treatment for youth.
Chapter 271, Laws of 1989 – The Omnibus Drug Act provided for an expanded program of treatment services for adolescents, established a program of treatment services for pregnant and postpartum women (coordinated with the First Steps Program), increased funding for opiate dependency services, and amended RCW 70.96A to include involuntary detention of drug addicts. "Agency Strategy Plan. Program: Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse.”
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Most praised the bill’s effectiveness for educating students, mobilizing community anti-crime efforts and giving law enforcement and prosecutors better tools for fighting drug crimes. But Showstead blasted it for “cutting in half” drug treatment services for adults. Seattle Post Intelligencer. “The state’s drug bill a ‘complete disaster,’ says county official.” Thursday, June 7, 1990; pg. B1.
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1989 The Treatment for Alcoholism, Intoxification and Drug Addiction Act.
RCW 70.96A
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This act of the legislature, along with the Omnibus Drug Act, has added the drug addict population into the same continuum of care afforded the alcoholic, thus expanding the scope of care and making 70.96A RCW a “Chemical Dependency” statute.
1989 The First Steps Program is begins.
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1989
OSPI provides a comprehensive model of substance abuse and
violence prevention, intervention, and after-care support services assisting
all students in achieving academic excellence and realizing their
potential. Currently providing 289
Student Assistance Prevention/Intervention Specialists statewide to local
school districts to address problems associated with substance use, violence,
and other non-academic barriers to learning. Washington
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1989 Seattle Public Schools - Comprehensive Student Assistance Program (CSAP)
begins in September at beginning of school year.
The Comprehensive Student Assistance Program was
established in 1989 by the District to address the serious problem of student
substance Abuse. The funding for this program
is provided by the Federal Sate and
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1989 In
November, the
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1989 The Safe Streets Campaign is founded in Tacoma, WA.
On January 26, 1989, an astounding 2,500 people gathered at a community meeting to take a stand against the crime and violence that was overwhelming Pierce County. They had a clear message for community leaders: They wanted to take back their neighborhoods, schools and communities. They wanted safe streets. So the Safe Streets Campaign was born. Safe ST: Uniting Neighbors Against Crime. A History of the Safe Streets Campaign.
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